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Computers communicate using networks. These networks could be on a local area network LAN or exposed to the internet. Network Sniffers are programs that capture low-level package data that is transmitted over a network. An attacker can analyze this information to discover valuable information such as user ids and passwords. In this article, we will introduce you to common network sniffing techniques and tools used to sniff networks. We will also look at countermeasures that you can put in place to protect sensitive information been transmitted over a network.

Topics covered in this tutorial • • • • What is network sniffing? Computers communicate by broadcasting messages on a network using IP addresses.

Once a message has been sent on a network, the recipient computer with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address. Network sniffing is the process of intercepting data packets sent over a network.This can be done by the specialized software program or hardware equipment. Sniffing can be used to; • Capture sensitive data such as login credentials • Eavesdrop on chat messages • Capture files have been transmitted over a network The following are protocols that are vulnerable to sniffing • Telnet • Rlogin • HTTP • SMTP • NNTP • POP • FTP • IMAP The above protocols are vulnerable if login details are sent in plain text Passive and Active Sniffing Before we look at passive and active sniffing, let’s look at two major devices used to network computers; hubs and switches. A hub works by sending broadcast messages to all output ports on it except the one that has sent the broadcast.

The recipient computer responds to the broadcast message if the IP address matches. This means when using a hub, all the computers on a network can see the broadcast message. It operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI Model. The diagram below illustrates how the hub works. A switch works differently; it maps IP/MAC addresses to physical ports on it.

Broadcast messages are sent to the physical ports that match the IP/MAC address configurations for the recipient computer. This means broadcast messages are only seen by the recipient computer. Remont pusko zaryadnoe ustrojstvo dubna m 62 2. Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and network layer (layer 3). The diagram below illustrates how the switch works. Passive sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a hub.

Kak sdelatj 3 h kolesnij velosiped dlya vzroslih. It is called passive sniffing because it is difficult to detect. It is also easy to perform as the hub sends broadcast messages to all the computers on the network. Active sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a switch.