Pictured here in 1965, directed the 1928 film, which is widely regarded as a landmark of cinema. An art film is typically a serious,, aimed at a rather than a. It is 'intended to be a serious, artistic work, often experimental and not designed for mass appeal', 'made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit', and contains 'unconventional or highly symbolic content'.

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And scholars typically define an art film as possessing 'formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films'. These qualities can include (among other elements): a sense of; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director; and a focus on the thoughts, dreams, or motivations of characters, as opposed to the unfolding of a clear, goal-driven story.

Film scholar describes art cinema as 'a, with its own distinct conventions'. Art usually present their films at special theaters ( or, in the U.S., art-house cinemas) and at. The term art film is much more widely used in North America, the United Kingdom, and Australia, compared to the rest of Europe, where the term is associated more with and (e.g.

German national cinema). Since they are aimed at small, niche-market audiences, art films rarely acquire the financial backing that would permit large production budgets associated with films. Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film, one that typically uses lesser-known film actors (or even amateur actors), and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas, exploring new narrative techniques, and attempting new film-making conventions.

A certain degree of experience and knowledge is generally required to fully understand or appreciate such films. Film critic called, a critically acclaimed 1994 art film, 'largely a cerebral experience' that one enjoys 'because of what you know about film'. This contrasts sharply with mainstream blockbuster films, which are geared more towards and pure entertainment. For promotion, art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics' reviews; discussion of the film by arts columnists, commentators, and; and word-of-mouth promotion by audience members. Since art films have small initial investment costs, they only need to appeal to a small portion of audiences to become financially viable. Theatrical posters for and, often credited by cinema historians as the first art films.

The forerunners of art films include Italian silent film (1911), 's (1916) and the works of Russian filmmaker, who influenced the development of European cinema movements for decades. Eisenstein's film (1925) was a revolutionary propaganda film he used to test his theories of using to produce the greatest emotional response from an audience.

The international critical renown that Eisenstein garnered from this film enabled him to direct as part of a grand 10th anniversary celebration of the of 1917. He later directed in 1929.

Art films were also influenced by films by Spanish creators, such as and (who made in 1930), and by the French playwright and filmmaker, whose 1930's avant-garde film uses images throughout, including spinning wire models of a human head and rotating double-sided masks. In the 1920s, film societies began advocating the notion that films could be divided into 'entertainment cinema directed towards a mass audience and a serious art cinema aimed at an intellectual audience'.

In England, and formed a film society and imported films they thought were 'artistic achievements', such as 'Soviet films of dialectical montage, and the expressionist films of the Universum Film A.G. (UFA) studios in Germany'., a French avant-garde film movement in the 1920s and 1930s, also influenced the development of the idea of art film. The cinema pur film movement included several notable artists. The Dadaists used film to transcend narrative storytelling conventions, bourgeois traditions, and conventional Aristotelian notions of time and space by creating a flexible montage of time and space. See also: Quality artistic television, a or style which shares some of the same traits as art films, has been identified.

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